Hierarchy Of Needs (Abraham Maslow)

HIERARCHY OF NEEDS

(Abraham Maslow)

             When we make decisions about our lives, we try our best to ensure our own safety. We purchase insurances such as health and car to protect ourselves if something unexpected occur. We do this things to increase our sense of safety and security and make us feel more comfortable in our lives, which is what ABRAHAM MASLOW depict in the second stage of hierarchy of needs. 

1. Physiological Needs (basic issues of survival such as salary and stable employment).               These include the most basic needs that are vital to survival, such as the need for water, air, food, and sleep. Maslow believed that these needs are the most basic and instinctive needs in the hierarchy because all needs become secondary until these physiological needs are met. Most of these lower level needs are probably fairly apparent. We need food and water to survive. We also need to breath and maintain a stable body temperature. In addition to eating, drinking, and having adequate shelter and clothing, Maslow also suggested that sexual reproduction was a basic physiological need.
2. Security Needs (stable physical and emotional environment issues such as benefits, pensions, safe work, environment and fair work practices).

            These include the needs for safety and security. Security needs are important for survival, but they are not as demanding as the physiological needs. Examples of security needs include a desire for steady employment, health care, safe neighborhoods, and shelter from the environment. The needs become a bit more complex at this point in the hierarchy. Now that the more basic survival needs have been fulfilled, people begin to feel that they need more control and order to their lives. A safe place to live, financial security, physical safety, and staying healthy are all concerns that might come into play at this stage. 

3. Belongingness Needs (social acceptance issues such as friendship or cooperation on job).

These include needs for belonging, love, and affection. Maslow described these needs as less basic than physiological and security needs. Relationships such as friendships, romantic attachments, and families help fulfill this need for companionship and acceptance, as does involvement in social, community, or religious groups.

4. Esteem Needs (positive self image and respect and recognition issues such as job titles. nice work spaces, prestigious job assignments).

After the first three needs have been satisfied, esteem needs becomes increasingly important. These include the need for things that reflect on self-esteem, personal worth, social recognition, and accomplishment.

At this point, it become increasingly important to gain the respect and appreciation of others. People have a need to accomplish things and then have their efforts recognized. People often engage in activities such as going to school, playing a sport, enjoying a hobby, or participating in professional activities in order to fulfill this need. 

5.Self-Actualization Needs (achievement issues such as work place autonomy, challenging work and subject matter, expert status on the job).

This is the highest level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Self-actualizing people are self-aware, concerned with personal growth, less concerned with the opinions of others, and interested fulfilling their potential.

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Theories of Emotion

The James-Lange Theory of Emotion

                 The James-Lange theory is one of the best-known examples of a physiological theory of emotion. Independently proposed by psychologist William James and physiologist Carl Lange, the James-Lange theory of emotion suggests that emotions occur as a result of physiological reactions to event.For example, suppose you are walking in the woods and you see a grizzly bear. You begin to tremble, and your heart begins to raceThis theory suggests that when you see an external stimulus that leads to a physiological reaction. Your emotional reaction is dependent upon how you interpret those physical reactions.

The Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

                  Another well-known physiological theory is the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion. Walter Cannon disagreed with the James-Lange theory of emotion on several different grounds. First, he suggested, people can experience physiological reactions linked to emotions without actually feeling those emotions. For example, your heart might race because you have been exercising and not because you are afraid.

Cannon also suggested that emotional responses occur much too quickly for them to be simply products of physical states. When you encounter a danger in the environment, you will often feel afraid before you start to experience the physical symptoms associated with fear such as shaking hands, rapid breathing, and a racing heart.

Cannon first proposed his theory in the 1920s and his work was later expanded on by physiologist Philip Bard during the 1930s. According to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, we feel emotions and experience physiological reactions such as sweating, trembling, and muscle tension simultaneously.

More specifically, it is suggested that emotions result when the thalamus sends a message to the brain in response to a stimulus, resulting in a physiological reaction. At the same time, the brain also receives signals triggering the emotional experience. Cannon and Bard’s theory suggests that the physical and psychological experience of emotion happen at the same time, and that one does not cause the other.

Another well-known physiological theory is the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion. Walter Cannon disagreed with the James-Lange theory of emotion on several different grounds. First, he suggested, people can experience physiological reactions linked to emotions without actually feeling those emotions. For example, your heart might race because you have been exercising and not because you are afraid.

Cannon also suggested that emotional responses occur much too quickly for them to be simply products of physical states. When you encounter a danger in the environment, you will often feel afraid before you start to experience the physical symptoms associated with fear such as shaking hands, rapid breathing, and a racing heart.

Cannon first proposed his theory in the 1920s and his work was later expanded on by physiologist Philip Bard during the 1930s. According to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, we feel emotions and experience physiological reactions such as sweating, trembling, and muscle tension simultaneously.

More specifically, it is suggested that emotions result when the thalamus sends a message to the brain in response to a stimulus, resulting in a physiological reaction. At the same time, the brain also receives signals triggering the emotional experience. Cannon and Bard’s theory suggests that the physical and psychological experience of emotion happen at the same time, and that one does not cause the other.

Schachter-Singer Theory

              Also known as the two-factor theory of emotion, the Schachter-Singer Theory is an example of a cognitive theory of emotion. This theory suggests that the physiological arousal occurs first, and then the individual must identify the reason for this arousal to experience and label it as an emotion. A stimulus leads to a physiological response that is then cognitively interpreted and labeled which results in an emotion.

Schacter and Singer’s theory draws on both the James-Lange theory and the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion. Like the James-Lange theory, the Schacter-Singer theory proposes that people do infer emotions based on physiological responses. The critical factor is the situation and the cognitive interpretation that people use to label that emotion.

Like the Cannon-Bard theory, the Schacter-Singer theory also suggests that similar physiological responses can produce varying emotions. For example, if you experience a racing heart and sweating palms during an important math exam, you will probably identify the emotion as anxiety. If you experience the same physical responses on a date with your significant other, you might interpret those responses as love, affection, or arousal.

Cognitive Appraisal Theory

                  

According to appraisal theories of emotion, thinking must occur first before the experience of emotion. Richard Lazarus was a pioneer in this area of emotion, and this theory is often referred to as the Lazarus theory of emotion.

According to this theory, the sequence of events first involves a stimulus, followed by thought, which then leads to the simultaneous experience of a physiological response and the emotion. For example, if you encounter a bear in the woods, you might immediately begin to think that you are in great danger. This then leads to the emotional experience of fear and the physical reactions associated with the fight-or-flight response.

MY PRACTICAL APPLICATION

I used the james-lange theory in my practical application.

,EMOTION is a complex psychological state that involves three distinct components: a subjective experience, a physiological response, and a behavioral or expressive response."

JAMES LANGE theory states that emotion is equivalent to the range of physiological aroused caused by external events.For an individual feel emotion. One must first experience bodily responses such as increased respiration,increased heat rate, or sweaty hands. once this physiological response is recognized, then a person can say that he feels the emotion.For example,  when a scary dog barks at a person,the person may then feel an increase in heart rate. so by observing this change the brain will comprehend that the person is experiencing fear.when stimuli that can induce emotion are received and comprehend by the cortex of the brain, the visceral organs and the skeletal muscles are triggered by the autonomic nervous system and somatic nervous system respectively.Then the autonomic and somatic systems will then stimulate the brain, which will be interpreted as an experience of emotion.so the theory inverted the typical common sense way of thinking about th cause and effect relation between the experience of emotion and its manifestation.

3 Levels of awareness

3 Levels of awareness 

 

 

Freud: History and Concepts

Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist and psychiatrist who founded the psychoanalytic school of psychology. Freud is best known for his theories of the unconscious mind and the defense mechanism of repression. He is also renowned for his redefinition of sexual desire as the primary motivational energy of human life which is directed toward a wide variety of objects. As well as his therapeutic techniques, including his theory of transference in the therapeutic relationship and the presumed value of dreams as sources of insight into unconscious desires.



According to Freud the id, ego, and superego all operate across three levels of awareness in the human mind. They are the conscious, unconscious, and preconscious.

The conscious: The conscious consists of what someone is aware of at any particular point in time. It includes what you are thinking about right now, whether it is in the front of you mind or the back. If you are aware of it then it is in the conscious mind



 

The Preconscious: The preconscious contains information that is just below the surface of awareness. It can be retrieved with relative ease and usually can be thought of as memory or recollection.

 
 
The Unconscious: The unconscious contains thoughts, memories, and desires that are buried deep in ourselves, well below our conscious awareness. Even though we are not aware of their existence they exert great influence on our behavior.
     * BAD MEMORIES



 Practical Application:
CONSCIOUS MIND.
 Example: Right now as you are reading about Freud you could be thinking about what is being said in the text and that your eyes are tired from staring at this screen. In the back of your mind, however, you might be thinking "wow this website is really cool, if I was a psychology teacher I would give whoever made it an A". Both of these thoughts occur in the conscious mind.

PRE-CONSCIOUS MIND.
 Example: Right now think of your middle name. That is an example of preconscious memory. Similar example could be what is your mom's birthday, when did it last rain, and how long does it take to drive to the mall.

UNCONSCIOUS MIND.
 Example: Things in your unconscious would be forgotten negative experiences in your past, extreme dislike for a parent, or a terrible event that you pushed out of your preconscious.

Motivation Cycle

             People display a vast range of behaviors. And because we do and make extraordinary and amazing acts such as research on aids for a certain kind of disease, explorations like lunar landings, search for historical proofs and treasures and discovery of something in relation about our world. Commonly we do our daily routines like sleeping, drinking and tooth brushing. Why do we behave the way we do? What pulls us to do a particular thing? Why does this behavior occur?

             There are different forms of behavior expected to you and must often live according to these expectations. Behavior is directed toward a particular goal at a particular moment and the achievement of such goal is expected .Therefore, we strive to accomplish the goal to meet the expectations.

              Any action that is taken in order to reach a goal is called motivated behavior (Bower, Bootzin and Zajonc, 1987). Leal (1995) defined motivation as the process that initiates, directs, and sustains behavior while simultaneously satisfying physiological or psychological needs.

            Motivation explains why an organism acts in specific way at a specific time (Worchel and Shebilske, 1995).

            Motivation then, is highly important in understanding the human behavior.

MOTIVATION CYCLE

          Our motives have a cyclical nature-they are aroused, trigger behavior, which leads to goal, and after the goal is reached, they are cut off.

          
         Wants for something is followed by action to attain a certain desire which leads to get the desired thing. A person constantly attempts to please his wants and desires following the cycle: need or necessity, impulse or drive, action, incentive, and satiety or reward. If the need is not satisfied while it is moving in a cycle it has to move again to find the point. Once it is reached then it is over. A need builds up again; individual will go through to the same pattern. The circular pattern is known as the motivational cycle.                
   

• Need/Necessity – is any lack or deficiency which is felt by the organism to be inimical to his welfare (Chaplin, 1973). The need produces a drive, which is a state of tension that motivates the organism to act to reduce the tension. The body returns to a more balanced state once the need is satisfied. The tendency of the body to return to, and remain in a more balanced state is known as homeostasis, which is very essential for the human survival. There are two categories of needs: Biological needs (physiological requirements critical to our survival and physical well-being) examples are food, water, air, oxygen, etc. and the Social needs (needs required through learning and experience) in relation to the happiness and well-being of the individual example are the love, power, and etc.
• Impulse/Drive – a state of tension that motivates the organism to act to reduce the tension and return the body to homeostasis .It energizes the person to act. Drives motivate us to engage in a wide variety of behaviors to satisfy the needs. A drive is the psychological consequences of a need.
• Action- activity that triggers the individual to achieve something.
• Incentive- is condition or object that is perceived as satisfier of the need. It is the purpose  that guides the action these are the motivators of behavior. Incentive is a  status at which sustained activity eases. It would be either negative or positive.
• Satiety/Reward –It is the satisfaction or pleasantness resulting from having obtained the incentive or the desired goal.

  Motivation Cycle

   My Practical Application

Motivation cycle has an application in life.One of the applicationof it is when I have the need to excel and get high grades in elementary and high school.I knew very well that getting high grades is so much important to me for it introduces a lot of privilege and benefits or opportunities to reach my goals in life.The tension that pushes me to act in a certain direction is the impulse-fear to be failed,worried of getting low grades,concerned about the future life of mine.I am anxious about being at the bottom of the class.Appreciation and recognition also moves me to excel .Also proving myself that I have the capacity to step up.Actions that I made to reach and achieved the need or my goals is that I study very hard on my academic subjects ,participates  in oral recitations and class activities,passes all the projects and requirements on time.Bloods and sweats are being shed to full fill my needs.The incentive there is that I got high grades and  graduated with a flying colors. I was be  walked into the stage in high school  with lots of medals.I got a scholarship to support my studies right now.The reward that have been  given to all my endeavors is that I felt great joy, my mom  gave me a cellphone as a reward for  my determination  and excellent performance in school.It brought  a massive happiness to me.

Once a need is achieved,a need builds up again and will go through again in the same circular pattern.

personality psychology

                                                     INTRODUCTION           
Personality, it’s who we are. Our personalities determine how we act and react, as well as how we interact with and respond to the world. Despite much research, the origins of personality are still a mystery, though there are many theories that attempt to explain them. Some researchers propose that children learn personality from their parents; others believe personality is fixed from birth. Some theories address how environment, genetics, and culture influence the development of personality.

           PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY, is a branch of psychology that studies personality and its variation among individuals. Its areas of focus include:
-Construction of a coherent picture of the individual and their major psychological processes-Investigation of individual psychological differences-Investigation of human nature and psychological similarities between individuals"Personality" is a dynamic and organized set of characteristics possessed by a person that uniquely influences their environment, cognition, emotions, motivation, and behavioral science in various situations.It also refers to the pattern of thoughts, feelings, social adjustments, and behaviors consistently exhibited over time that strongly influences one's expectations, self-perceptions, values, and attitudes. It also predicts human reactions to other people, problems, and stress.Personality has a broad and varied history in psychology with an abundance of theoretical traditions. The major theories include trait perspective, psycho dynamic, humanistic, biological, behaviorist, evolutionary and social learning perspective.Personality psychology explained by eight theories including; Trait Theory, type theory, psycho analytic theory, behaviorist theory, social cognitive theory, humanistic theory, bio psychological theory, and evolutionary theory.

                Trait theories, Personality traits are "enduring patterns of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the environment and oneself that are exhibited in a wide range of social and personal contexts. Theorists generally assume that a) traits are relatively stable over time, b) traits differ among individuals, and c) traits influence behavior. They consistently are used in order to help define people as a whole. Traits are relatively constant; they do not usually change. Traits are also bipolar; they vary along a continuum between one extreme and the other; example: friendly vs. unfriendly.
                   Type theories, This theory refers to the psychological classification of different types of people. Personality types are distinguished from personality traits, which come in different degrees. For example, according to type theories, there are two types of people, introverts and extroverts.
The model is an older and more theoretical approach to personality, accepting extroversion and introversion as basic psychological orientations in connection with two pairs of psychological functions:

• perceiving functions: sensing and intuition (trust in concrete, sensory-oriented facts vs. trust in abstract concepts and imagined possibilities)

• judging function: thinking and feeling (basing decisions primarily on logic vs. considering the effect on people)

                   Psychoanalytic theories,  explain human behavior in terms of the interaction of various components of personality. Sigmund Freud was the founder of this school of thought. Freud drew on the physics of his day (thermodynamics) to coin the term psycho dynamic. Based on the idea of converting heat into mechanical energy, he proposed psychic energy could be converted into behavior. Freud's theory places central importance on dynamic, unconscious psychological conflicts.
Freud divides human personality into three significant components: the id, ego, and superego. The id acts according to the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification of its needs regardless of external environment; the ego then must emerge in order to realistically meet the wishes and demands of the id in accordance with the outside world, adhering to the reality personality Finally, the superego (conscience) inculcates moral judgment and societal rules upon the ego, thus forcing the demands of the id to be met not only realistically but morally. According to Freud, personality is based on the dynamic interactions of these three components.

                     Behaviorist theoriesBehaviorist explain personality in terms of the effects external stimuli have on behavior. The approaches used to analyze the behavioral aspect of personality are known as behavioral theories or learning-conditioning theories. These approaches were a radical shift away from Freudian philosophy. One of the major tenets of this concentration of personality psychology is a strong emphasis on scientific thinking and experimentation. This school of thought was developed by . B.F. Skinner who put forth a model which emphasized the mutual interaction of the person or "the organism" with its environment. Skinner believed children do bad things because the behavior obtains attention that serves as a reinforcement. For example: a child cries because the child's crying in the past has led to attention. These are the response, and consequences. The response is the child crying, and the attention that child gets is the reinforcing consequence.
                    Social cognitive theories, In cognitive theory, behavior is explained as guided by cognition or expectations about the world, especially those about other people. Cognitive theories are theories of personality that emphasize cognitive processes, such as thinking and judging.
                    Humanistic theories, Humanistic psychology emphasizes that people have free will and that this plays an active role in determining how they behave. Accordingly, humanistic psychology focuses on subjective experiences of persons as opposed to forced, definitive factors that determine behavior. Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers were proponents of this view, and they worked together for a decade to produce the Journal of Humanistic Psychology. This journal was primarily focused on viewing individuals as a whole, rather than focusing solely on separate traits and processes within the individual.Characteristics of self-actualize according to Maslow include the four key dimensions:Awareness – maintaining constant enjoyment and awe of life. These individuals often experienced a "peak experience". He defined a peak experience as an "intensification of any experience to the degree there is a loss or transcendence of self".Reality and problem centered – having a tendency to be concerned with "problems" in surroundings.Acceptance/Spontaneity – accepting surroundings and what cannot be changed. sense of humor/democratic – do not take kindly to joking about others, which can be viewed as offensive. They have friends of all backgrounds and religions and hold very close friendships                 Bio psychological theories, Biology plays a very important role in the development of personality. The study of the biological level in personality psychology focuses primarily on identifying the role of genetic determinants and how they mold individual personalities.                 
     Evolutionary theory, Charles Darwin is the founder of the theory of the evolution of the species. The evolutionary approach to personality psychology is based on this theory. This theory examines how individual personality differences are based on natural selection. Through natural selection organisms change over time through adaptation and selection. Traits are developed and certain genes come into expression based on an organism's environment and how these traits aid in an organism's survival and reproduction.

   Conclusion
  Psychologists like Freud, Skinner, and Roger all had different personality theories and have really influenced the psychology community. Because the study of personality psychology is so large, it is like that you that you would like to learn more about this growing field.Other theorists like Erik Erikson, Albert Bandura, and Abraham Maslow all have made valuable contributions to this area.

 I encourage you to research these theorists to further your understanding of the different personalities, as well as your own personality.

MY PRACTICAL APPLICATION

               I have two best friends for more than a year. When we are still in high school, We're always with each other, like during our recess, lunch, or even in studying our lessons. that is the reason why I had already memorized what are their likes and hates. They don't have the same behavior and attitude, the reason why sometimes they never agree with each other.

Christina is a quiet person especially inside the classroom. Unlike Arialyn, she's always love to do some jokes and fun even our teacher is already inside our room. they're always arguing with each other when Arialyn trying to tease and interrupt Christina while she is studying. There is no time or day that they understand each other. Maybe it is because they have different personality.

        And I have also my understanding about personality .We, people having a different and  unique personality. Sometimes it is our environment who mold it. So, if we have different environment we also have different personality. Sometimes, our family, friends, neighbors, and other people also influenced our personality. 

Introduction

INTRODUCTION

             The earth is growing old. It has been evolving from its simplest form. Billions of years past, however, its inhabitants had not yet learned the lesson that the world is teaching.

              As an individual, when can we say that a person is normal? How does he behaves? What are the different factors that affects his behaviors? All this fascinating questions can be answered through psychology.

              The subject of psychology has always fascinated man not only because it deals with something relevant and close to one’s life but also because by its very nature, it is never obsolete. Man is a creature of unplumbed depths and any study of man seems to be in-exhaustive and unending.

               Before anything else, I would like to give you some glimpse on what psychology is and a brief history about it.

               Psychology is derived from the Greek words psyche and logos, meaning soul and body. Psychology is defined as the scientific study of the behavior of living organisms, with special attention to human behavior. It is a science because it is systematic and empirical.

               Psychology once formally started in the year 1879 in Leipzig, Germany. By 19^th century, psychology began to achieve the status of an independent science when a group of German philosophers started to use scientific methodology in their psychological studies. Leading this group was Wilhelm Wundt, who established the first psychological laboratory and was later called the founder of modern experimental psychology.

                The first formal laboratory was set up at the John Hopkins University in 1883. In psychology, there are different schools of thoughts mainly Structuralism, Functionalism, Psychoanalysis, Behaviorism, Gestalt, Humanistic and Cognitive. There are also many branches of psychology such as General Psychology, Comparative, Genetic and many more. If there are branches there are also methods used in psychology. Example of this are Introspection, Observation, Experimental and many more. There are lots of interesting topics to be explored in psychology and that would be your task to do so.

                In this page, you will learn different ideas, words, phrases and sentences with regards to psychology and different practical applications. This would help you better understand the world of psychology and how does it happens in your every living without noticing.

               EXPLORE. LEARN.APPLY and ENJOY! Psychology is interesting!